Device, and particularly diesel engines

In this article we consider the structure and features of the diesel engine, from the beginning to the present day. The world's first fully working diesel, built in 1897 in Augsburg, had the only working cylinder with a diameter of 250 mm and developed up to 19.8 horsepower. In this unit as a whole had more than three meters in height. What you need to know about the diesel engine to the potential buyer? Besides who lured advantages of the unit, capable of producing a maximum of 6000 rpm and still decided to part with some earned thousands of blood and sweat rather conventional units? In fact, nothing, except that at the gas station would have to drive up to the column marked "DT", completely forgetting your favorite number "98". The same manual, same pedals, same wheel, same user interface. Here are just some reason, the pace of sales of SUVs, equipped with a diesel-powered, gain, pardon the pun, turnovers. Speaking seriously, then this process can not but rejoice, because the stereotypes - something difficult to overcome. Nevertheless, at this stage, diesel is already slowly losing brutal glory of the conqueror of untilled fields Nechernozemie, prescribing under the hood is not the weakest polnoprivodnikov. We're not talking about the ascetic warriors with bad roads like the LR Defender, far, we are talking about those sleek comrades, who are unlikely nyuhnet anything harder shattered country road to suburban villa. Three-meter power first appearance of diesel engine on Russian soil dates back to 1898, then known industrialist Emmanuel Nobel, sensibly considering the prospects of the invention engineer Rudolf Diesel, refocused on the issue of diesel engines its St. Petersburg plant. However, in St. Petersburg was carried out not quite what invented Diesel, although the basic idea - inflammation of the working fluid from the rapid compression - remained unchanged. Nobel changed the injection system, improving the way for his motor internal mixing. The first is the world's fully working diesel engine, built a year earlier, in Augsburg, had - the only working cylinder with a diameter of 250 mm and 172 rpm developed from 17.8 to 19.8 horsepower. In this unit as a whole had more than three meters in height. Its main advantage at that time was efficiency: twice higher than that of the steam engine. And just two years later diesels Nobel already installed at the St. Petersburg power and pumping stations and lit the building on Nevsky Prospekt. By 1912, the industrialist released for more than 300 engines per year. Design features first time, the use of diesel engines in cars was not possible. Because of the design of the engine had a little speed and a huge weight, and therefore established primarily for marine and stationary power plants. Creation of compact and powerful diesel engines has found a real prospect only after the appearance of light and strong materials that can withstand the monstrous pressure in the combustion chamber. For the main difference between the diesel engine on gasoline - a method for forming the injection and ignition of the fuel-air mixture. Structurally, these motors are similar - the crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, but the gasoline engine has a separate inlet system, in which the working mixture is formed, and it ignited a spark, issued by the spark plug. In a diesel engine cylinders come clean air without a drop of fuel, which at the beginning of the working cycle dramatically compressed the piston. In full accordance with the laws of physics, from this it is heated to 700-800 °, the temperature at which diesel oil is quite capable of burning. That is what actually happens when a heated compressed combustion chamber fuel injection. However, the candles in the diesel engine is also present, but operates slightly different than in the petrol, the function of: Candle lamps make it easier to start the engine, in advance of "warming up" the combustion chamber. In order to fuel got into the camera, which is already created serious pressure, using special devices, the so-called high pressure fuel pump. In a modern diesel engine fuel injection pump is electronically controlled to optimize the duty cycle reduces the toxicity of emissions and saves fuel. Until recently, diesel engines use a split fuel - a hose on each nozzle, but modern diesel engines in the vast majority are based on technology of Common Rail, when the fuel pump delivers fuel to the common duct-ramp. Nozzle is not opened by the pressure of the fuel as it was earlier, and the signal of special sensors that tell the computer that controls the work of the nozzles on the situation of the accelerator pedal, the pressure in the ramp, engine temperature conditions, load, etc. Based on it, the computer assigns the right to operate the motor fuel and the time of its filing. He also manages, in this way and amount of traction, depending on the position of the gas pedal. Direct communication with the throttle pedal is missing - due to lack of most flaps. Traction control by varying the fuel supply, which is responsible for the electronic "brains". Although, by the way, what a difference to the user as chtoproishodit? Deeper pressing the pedal and the whole business is. On the diesels more widely than gasoline engines, turbocharging is used, and the turbines are operating in the entire range of frequencies. This is due to high compression ratio at which the pressure of exhaust gases in 1,5-2 times higher than that of a gasoline engine. To boost efficiency applicable customary intercooling - with intercoolers. Softer, more tender computerization process of fuel injection has allowed to achieve a smooth pressure buildup in the combustion chamber, which resulted in a number of pleasant consequences for consumers. Diesel began working softer vibronagruzhennost and reduced noise, fuel consumption is already relatively low, has decreased by 20%, and torque at low revs, in contrast, has increased. Mnogolitrovye Modern diesel engines are able to reach a monstrous performance traction almost at idle. For example, the motor TDV8, a Range Rover fitted the last generation, realizes as much as 640 Nm to 3.7 liters of displacement. Any modern diesel engine provides more torque in a wider rpm range than a similar amount of gasoline. At the same time he is able to work on lean mixtures, and cheap fuel, ensuring efficiency and significantly lower emissions. However, there is not without drawbacks. Specific "grunt" diesel engine, higher than gasoline noise and vibronagruzhennost - a direct consequence of the principles of the engine. However, with modern technologies, this difference is more leveled. Now the diesel engine does not make the car body shudder in convulsions and ears of the owner - to fold up like a leaf in the autumn. However, the same modern technologies entail and appreciation of the production process, which ultimately is compensated at the expense of the consumer: the diesel engine on average more expensive than gasoline per one thousand conventional units. By simple arithmetic we can calculate the mileage for which the difference "discourage" through savings on fuel costs. In addition, diesel harder (think - more expensive) to maintain. And, no matter how rested designers, yet heavier than the petrol motor. Down with stereotypes is not possible that advances in the comfort of operation made possible the use of diesel units, not only on cars in general, but also representatives of the premium segment in particular. The ability of diesel to go for maximum performance traction almost at idle is very beneficial to the operation of large SUVs: the urban environment when you rebuild in a traffic jam there is no need to waste a second to "unwind" the gasoline engine. Attention given to the Russian market makers posting at the mercy of local consumers their engineering masterpieces, says a lot. Firstly, the reputation of the increased domestic and toplivodela solyarovara. And secondly, that stereotype, compels one to consider a diesel engine something like a piece of declassed tractors "Belarus", Leap moves to its complete disappearance. According to some projections, the share of sales of diesel versions of SUV in the Russian market is capable of 2010 to reach 30%. The realities of one-sixth in Russia last year because of all sold cars diesel was less than 1%. If we consider what is happening in the secondary market, the figure rises to 6%, although still remain pretty pathetic, especially compared with Europe. And explained everything is simple - despite the positive trend, manufacturers are still afraid to submit to the Russian market of diesel engines in amounts comparable to European. Fear because of the quality of domestic fuel, resulting in a horror subtle mechanisms of the Bavarian and French engines. Modern power units operating on heavy fuel, developed taking into account not only of the contemporary European standards "Euro-4", but also future Euro-5. Therefore they prefer and the fuel of appropriate quality, low sulfur, for example. And in Russia, quality requirements for diesel fuel are still in an embryonic stage. Who wants to shoulder the warranty (count - free) repair of a few thousand extra engines? In addition, poor fuel will not allow the full potential of modern diesel engines - neither ecological nor cardinality. In addition, a diesel car more and more expensive gasoline. Full diesel is believed that the valuable, real (and a lot more like this) SUV - not SUV without a diesel engine. And rightly so, incidentally, is considered. It's not just that a decent gasoline in the abandoned villages of the Volga not get it, but the collective farm tractor for a bottle of diesel fuel canister always otolet. The case also in the fact that a large amount of traction on the bottom of the operating range of the motor will overcome the stress-free virgin snow or semi-swamp, not tearing off the wheel to skid, do not always get with a gasoline engine. As a result, SUV abruptly loses its chance to be a dig on the above new ground or a swamp. For the same reasons, the diesel engine simplifies the process of starting on slippery surfaces. Diesel in the opposition company Subaru, known for his extravagant technical findings, could not remain aloof from the universal "dizelizatsii. At the March Geneva Motor Show the Japanese introduced the world's first diesel boxer design, developed by engineers brand Subaru. How to say the developers, diesel retained all the advantages of the horizontal-opposed design: reliability, balance and low vibration. The engine turned out quite compact and starting this year will be mounted on Subaru Legacy and Tribeca. Submitted by the motor is based on technology Common Rail, has a working volume of 2.2 liter turbo and intercooler. The latest diesel is able to reach up to 180 horsepower.