Rules for overtaking vehicles

Sitting behind the wheel, each of you the opportunity to take part in a play called "overtaking", which is always a choice, there are three roles - to overtake, overtaken, or counterclaim. Let us consider more rules for overtaking vehicles, as will be executed each party depending on the selected role. Or maybe not necessary? It is not necessary to overtake someone without special reason, just to be ahead. Justify a questionable gain in time that risk is associated with this maneuver overtaking vehicles (exit on the opposite lane, overtaking and the subsequent return to its range). Before overtaking, consider whether an in your plans turn or stop. Besides, the nearest railway crossing, village or other obstacle can "eat" your break. Performing overtaking a vehicle, you can never let my guard down and forget about the rules. It should always be prepared to the possibility of oncoming car, even if the counter strip is empty. Should not be seen a sharp decrease in speed ahead riding a car, as a signal for an immediate start overtaking. Perhaps, the driver slowed down because of an obstacle in front (eg pedestrian crossing). Instead of nervous, tight overtaking cars traveling in opposite unending stream, it is wiser to slow down and distracted, change the disc or radio station. Or even stop to rest and stretch your legs, possibly during this time and the flow "will resolve." Extremely dangerous to the implementation of the "double overtaking - ahead of the vehicle, which was released to overtake.

Rules for driving on a mountain road by car

Deciding to leave the first time on a mountain road, get ready for a serious test. As the saying the song "You're not the plain ...". But if you know in advance about possible difficulties and the rules of driving on mountain roads in a car, you can always cope with them. "... Here is another climate." The first feature of any of the mountains - low atmospheric pressure, which affects not only the well-being of people, but also on the machine. The second feature - the constant fluctuations in temperature, precipitation and fog. Therefore, always be prepared for that clean and dry road beneath you can suddenly become wet and slippery, and all visible landmarks to hide in thick fog. Go to the mountains. General rules for driving on a mountain road by car. Going on a car in the mountains, it is necessary to examine not only designed specifically for mountain roads claim the SDA, but the rules drive on mountain roads informal, based on years of personal experience of drivers. Moving along a mountain road, try to stick to the right edge of its band. When passing in a narrow space priority is given a car moving on the rise or located near a cliff. Forbidden to cut corners on the corners and cross the solid line markings, especially in areas of limited visibility. Of particular danger is closed turns and stretches of road at the upper rise to fractures of the profile, from which at any moment can turn out a car. Even if you're not the first time driving on this mountain road and explore all its features, never loosen the control of the situation on the road and reading.

The rules for motorists in the cold season

With the advent of autumn leaf fall and the rains start, short-lived days and unlit roads. Well, this article will talk about the rules for motorists in the cold season, and try to understand what is necessary to pay attention at this time in the first place. For motorists offensive cold season - a period of increased risk when constantly being sent to meet the extreme conditions, display and hone their skills. Go to this autumn from the summer for many drivers pass unnoticed: colder, barely fast began to rain, a little earlier start to darken. These changes occur gradually and, therefore, is not alarming motorists, perceive themselves in the car, still comfortable and cozy, and keep all the same manners and rules of driving, as well as summer. What can cause such a carefree, objective reports statistics for road accidents, pointing to serious racing on the roads, the participants who did not get clearly explain what is the reason why they occurred. And the only reason - autumn. Rules of conduct on the road for motorists in the cold season. Slippery road is associated most often motorists with groomed snow or sleet, in general, with something winter. Because probably most of us prudent driving mode switch considerably delayed. The first rains fall - have a solid excuse to slow down and think about the peculiarities of driving on slippery surfaces. Wanted tarmac at the beginning of the rain, when the dirt and dust already soaked, but not yet washed away, forming at this time on the road something like grease.

What is the concept of "overtaking a vehicle"

Traffic safety in the car flow depends on the experience and knowledge of any and all of its participants. Of course, we want to believe that others drivers in good faith taught in driving school, and have experience of maneuvering on the road, especially in challenging conditions. These primarily include the overtaking. The success of its implementation depends equally on the coordination of the overtaking driver being overtaken and adequate response of the overall situation on the road. From this material can I learn more about what is overtaking vehicle. Under the Rules of the road (SDA), the concept of "Overtaking vehicle combines the two steps - an advancing vehicle and exit from the occupied strip. That is, the car must leave the occupied earlier series, take a neighbor, and stay ahead of overtaken vehicle, moving parallel to it. Then, take a seat in front of overtaken vehicle on his band without interfering with traffic participants. Whatever the urgency is not compelled to hurry, before overtaking necessarily need to make sure that adjacent band enough space to maneuver in and out on it will be safe, and actions of the driver being overtaken vehicle does not cause interference. We should never succumb to impatience and aggression, calmness and attentiveness - important components of success on the road. When planning the overtaking vehicle must pay attention to road conditions and weather conditions. It is obvious that during rain or ice-speed maneuvers can cause drifts, which often cause accidents.

How to pull away by car instruction

Correctly and gently pull away the car often becomes quite difficult skill, but he still needed to learn. This is not surprising - figure it out-ka with so many controls, auto. The pedals are only three, and then only two legs! But trogatsya is necessary. The article "How to pull away by car, the statement" will help all beginners and new drivers. Starting the engine. First and foremost, before you get a move on the car, do not forget to make sure that the parking brake. To do this, raise the parking brake lever, if it is omitted, which will help keep the car from moving while he is not under your control. Another may occur quite unpleasant surprises, such as false start the starter during power transmission, spontaneous, not to control the movement of the car on sloping or uneven surfaces. Also do not forget to check the position of gear lever, which must only be in a neutral, and no other position. Next, hold the clutch pedal by pushing it until it stops. And only after you have made sure that all devices are working properly, you can turn on the ignition, then the starter motor, thereby starting the engine. And for one second after that, subject to the serviceability of the car, the engine starts. As soon as you hear the motor running, release the ignition key, the lock will automatically shut down the operating position and the starter. Make sure that the transmission lever is indeed installed in the neutral position, and only then slowly release the clutch pedal.

Modern methods of organization of traffic safety in fog

Here come the summer, motorists are trying to escape early from work before the weekend to quickly escape to the country from the city. However, is this: after standing in a traffic jam, a few dozen kilometers to the place of the long-awaited vacation has to go through the fog, which is not rarely appears before the dawn. To this add driver fatigue, in the aggregate, these factors translate into a rather dangerous driving. In our publication will be considered modern methods of organization of traffic safety in the mist. Securing driving in the fog is not based on speed and on accuracy. It happens so that the mist envelops the road to such an extent that it is not seen nothing except the hood, and this is the first reason to stop and wait a little less difficult natural conditions. Lose on the road a couple of hours would be better than to pull the car out of the ditch. No need to move also followed another car, because even a small corner or reject it out of sight, also must take into account the fact that the driver of the lead vehicle sees before him is not greater than yours. If the road is lit by lanterns, they most likely will not help, but worsen your situation, since they produce light takes the form of large impermeable white spots. Salvation from the fog lies in its natural properties - he never envelops the earth itself. For this reason, fog lights are often secured on the car as low as possible, they can illuminate the front of the car a small stretch of road, which you can somehow ride even at speeds of 15-20 km / h depending on the density of precipitation.

Car GPS navigation system

The fact that there are such devices as GPS-navigator knows almost everything. And about how to run car GPS navigation system and how it used correctly in a modern car, not many know what all is GPS? General Positioning System - GPS - consists of satellites (24 pc), which move in their orbits around the globe. Each satellite carries power from solar panels and has a lifespan of 10 years. All satellites are networked and are free for use by civilians. In every corner of the world the user of GPS-navigator can determine the location of a fraction of a second. To determine the coordinates of the GPS-receiver needs to "detect" a minimum of four satellites. Such a method for determining called "two-dimensional fixation, while on the receiver monitor you'll see the latitude and longitude. If the range navigator will more than four satellites, the information to determine where the situation becomes even greater. Add a can, such parameters as the object of altitude and speed of movement (under the object, we now have in mind a GPS-navigator). It is clear that, GPS-navigators on the market are not the same device, they are many, ranging from specialized system devices, ending with integrated PDAs GPS-modules, which are created solely for orienteering. In the XXI century, GPS navigation is rapidly burst into the automotive industry. As a result, in some models of famous car brands (such as Audi, BMW and Mercedes) have additional options, one of which - the satellite navigator.

Typical errors of novice driver

When a novice driver, sitting behind the wheel of a car, should understand that the car is a ton of iron on four wheels, it is not only a means of transportation, but also a very dangerous thing. Especially if you do not follow certain safety rules. Has compiled a list of dangerous mistakes that can make any driver, including a beginner. Typical errors of novice drivers, learn from this publication. _ In the first set error - drunk driving. Alcohol is the cause of 40% of all accidents in the U.S.. In Russia, every 9 accident occurs involving a drunk driver. Need to see reports of incidents per week in order to understand how dangerous driving after drinking and driving. The second mistake was the conversations while driving on SMS. In the U.S., such conversations while driving is prohibited. In Russia, the fine for talking on a mobile phone device without the «hands free», for SMS no one will be fined. But the scientists proved that the conversation as a set of text messages distracting, no less. The third error is the manifestation of aggression behind the wheel. Seriously injured or died in the accident, several thousand people who were provoked quarrels and aggressive behavior on the road. A huge driver error is that he refuses to use child car seat. Proved by different insurers and auto experts that if we use a special restraint for children, it increases the chances of a child to avoid serious injuries in a crash or survive. Hardly anyone finds a good tone, if you exceed the speed in inappropriate conditions, for example, in fog or on slippery roads.

Rules of behavior of road users

Most drivers are confident in his skills on the road, and the rest of the movement is for them a nuisance. Is it true? Let's turn our attention to the relationship between drivers and talk about rules of behavior of road users.

Tips for motorists, the choice of Motor oils

What is the viscosity of the oil to motorists choose to travel in winter, and what summer? What is the difference between synthetic and mineral Motor oils? With the problems you might encounter when replacing the mineral oil synthetic? What actions are necessary to make the transition from one type of oil to another? The answers to these questions can be found in this article, "Advice to motorists choose Motor oils. What is the viscosity of Motor oils must be chosen to ride in the winter, and what - in the summer? Viscosity Motor oils are usually written in the form of encryption «SAE 10W-40." Tell you what it means. «SAE» - is a symbol of international standard, which means the viscosity of Motor oils. SAE can be decoded as "Company engineers motorists." If we take the inscription «SAE 10W-40", then «10W» will say that it can be used in winter (W - word means WINTER, with Eng. "Winter"). If you choose this option, you will easily be able to run the engine in cold days. The "40" means the viscosity grade. In our example, it is a summer class. This means the extent to Motor oils can maintain its performance in the areas of engine temperature is high. The presence of only one parameter in the mapping of SAE viscosity grade indicates that it is a seasonal oil. If the option is SAE 10W, it's winter, oil, and if SAE 40 - summer season Motor oils. And if not immediately two classes (SAE 10W-40) - it will be a multigrade engine oil. Tip to motorists as the chosen viscosity grade motor oil to SAE.

Cleaning the car body

Is this kind of pollution car body, which by conventional auto shampoos can not cope, but to clean the body of the car come in these cases to help. On them will be discussed in this article.

Engine cooling the car

To ensure an optimum temperature of the motor, the engine cooling system is needed the car. Her work is directly dependent economy and engine reliability. If it overheats, then its capacity is reduced, burned lubricant increases fuel consumption. Because of this wear out quickly rubbing surfaces of parts, ride up and melted bearing shells, broken neck of the crankshaft, piston jams and other troubles.

Replacement interval of engine oil

For the car owner's no secret that the need to replace the engine oil comes every 10-15 thousand kilometers to the motor was a long time and not led at the right moment. But often, I still quite usable oil, which, in turn, costs money, moreover, this process takes time. Of course, the replacement interval of engine oil establishes itself car owner, but we would like to give some guidelines for determining the optimum service interval. Recognize that the universal prescription is written, all individually. But in the service book, car has a time period recommended by the manufacturer change the engine oil. And in this period is influenced by many external factors that a manufacturer can not be taken into account. It was these two factors are fundamental in assessing the health of your engine. Based on the foregoing, we can derive an algorithm of actions aimed at the correct definition of the interval change of engine oil in your engine: Open the manual of your car and see the recommendations from the manufacturer. Reveal what factors other than the time interval and mileage, can bring the time of the expiration date of the oil. Define for itself a factor, based on paragraph 2, which reduces the service life of the manufacturer. The algorithm is completed, replace the oil and did not think about it. Recommendations from the manufacturer to replace oil. Each car is supplied with an instruction manual, which defines the optimal frequency of oil changes and filters. This interval is calculated by the manufacturer, based on the average operating conditions of the class of vehicle: the quality of used fuel and oil, air pollution, geographical conditions and others.

Installing sump, engine protection

The main properties of the motor protection or pan - it's rigidity and strength. Do not think about the aesthetics bottom of your car when you are installing the pan, protecting the engine. It is important that you set the pallet has been strong, otherwise, it undermines the crankcase. Motor protection, made of steel. To protect the motor vehicle use all kinds of materials. But most of all, manufacturers use as a protective material steel. Purchased a cheap steel sheet, which has a thickness of about 2-3 mm. This sheet is cut and bent on available sizes. Manufacture similar products involved in many firms. Moreover, the pallets to protect the engine and produce a solid company, and not very big. Unfortunately, steel - not the ideal material because it has no anti-corrosion properties. Usually, the steel sheet paint, but paint quickly moves away and starts the corrosion process. Alas, the steel pallet has many other shortcomings. The fact that the steel more difficult material than, for example, aluminum or some other material. Steel motor protection usually weighs about 7-8 kg. Therefore, the pallet of steel for a small passenger cars - a thorough additional load, which leads to premature wear of ball joints front suspension. In that case, if you do decide to install on your automobile steel engine protection, then install those metal trays, which contain the edges, giving rigidity. This protection takes the intensive load, and the ordinary and smooth steel has no strength.

Car will not start on the first try

Anxiety, confusion, anxiety, excitement - after all these feelings overwhelm you if your car will not start on the first try? Indeed, the situation is quite unpleasant, especially if the problem arises in the case of urgent need to go. So how do you have to act and what to take to rectify the situation? Since the invention of the first car passed over a century. Since it was written many books, magazines, manuals on maintenance and operation of any vehicle, but if you gather together all the advice given by experts, then come to a clear answer about how to professionally and permanently repair your car, it is almost impossible . However, it should be noted that most experts do not insist on repairing their own, the knowledge and skills, and at service stations. The argument, of course, weighty - professionals in their field they will make all the hassle-free, and how to act when there is no possibility of appeal to the service station, and to cope with the problem to yourself? If the machine refuses to wind up the first time, first check whether there is petrol in the tank and if he comes back at all. If the fuel is in the tank, the problem is in the ignition system. In order for the car to start, need to remove the cover timer, and if you found it cracked and chipped, it must be replaced by another. Another cause of breakage of machines - metering-valve obstruction. It's pretty expensive and you need the device, so its repair is better not to save. It provides the calculation of fuel consumption and affect the overall dynamics of the car.

For novice drivers - driving skills

We will give novice drivers a few tips so that you can learn how to safely operate his car. To learn how to properly and safely drive a car and will be discussed in the article "For the novice drivers - driving skills." As we know, the driver in front of each turn should slow down. But not everyone knows that, before turning to complete inhibition. If you become a brake on the turn, then it will reduce the lateral stability of the machine that will cause overturning. We must not forget that the inhibition of the turn causes increased wear of the steering wheel and rubber chassis parts. When changing direction the vehicle must have a maximum slope at the beginning of the trajectory. Once a car passes slowly turn the car aligned. The obstacle on the road or in front of a pit on the road to advance to slow down and in front of arrivals on obstacles to release the brake pedal. Thus, you reduce the impact force. In such a situation it is better to squeeze the clutch. When wet brake pads significantly reduced the effectiveness of the braking system. Pads can be dried on the go. To do this several times to press the brake pedal while driving in second gear. Attention during the ice braking distance increases by 10 times the normal surface of the carriageway. In these cases you need to apply intermittent braking or engine braking. If the car skidded and he went to the sidelines, even though one party should not try to get him back on the roadway. Since the edge of the carriageway has a projection for the front wheels is not an obstacle, but prevents the rear.

Autotechnical examination: the stopping distance

At the traffic often moves one car after another with the minimum distance. In this case, the driver is limited in the choice of speed. Its speed depends on the speed limit flow of cars. All attempts to overtake the front running cars can lead to disaster. To avoid this must correctly determine the distance, commensurate their braking distance. That's what we'll talk in the article "autotechnical examination: the stopping distance." We must know that the stopping distance car - this is the distance a car will pass by the detection of obstacles and to complete its shutdown. In addition to stopping distance, there is the notion of stopping way. This is the length of the road vehicle from the moment when the driver noticed a hurdle and until full stop. We must not forget that from the moment of perception of the need to brake and the driver before it would trigger brake control also goes for some time. So that the total stopping distance is somewhat larger. What affects the length of braking distance 1. Brakes The theory is evaluated inhibitory properties of the maximum deceleration on braking distance, time of brake actuation, etc. Stopping distance depends on the construction and repair all brakes. Thus, if the shock absorbers are faulty, then the wheels will not be able to save on uneven surfaces in constant contact with the road. To evaluate the inhibitory properties of the car, it is necessary to analyze the set of parameters: the brake system reaction time, the interval of braking forces, etc.

Car will not start - in the tank water

It is not uncommon, motorists are faced with a situation where the car will not start - in the tank water accumulates. In this case it is necessary to sound the alarm! Tanks in cars, water can cause a lot of trouble. If the car will not start in the hardest hit with a fuel-injected cars and diesel engines. And the problem is not just that your car will not start. The engine itself the presence of water in the tank will survive. But can easily burn out the fuel injection system or a high pressure fuel pump. And these parts are not cheap. In your tank water is terrible especially in winter. The water in the cold is not mixed with gasoline in the parking lot and accumulates at the bottom of each tank. If the driver gently applies to the consumption of gasoline and uses every last drop, the water sooner or later falls in benzoprovod. There, she can easily freeze, blocking the path of gasoline. In this case the car stalls and will not start. The best (and for most drivers - the only) way to get rid of the water turn to ice, will be staging a car in a warm room. But even in this case, the problems do not get rid of! An inexperienced driver may think that this is out of gas, it will flood the fuel in the fuel tank and will be vain to try to start the car. Water must be held to the engine and can cause most unpleasant consequences. How to prevent ingress of water in the fuel tank in tank water can get into, for example, by condensation of excess moisture from the air. This happens when the driver prefers to drive with minimal supplies of fuel, filling of 10-15 liters during filling and keeps the tank at the same time regularly half empty.

Disease among drivers in road transport

Drivers who spend a lot of time "behind the wheel", will soon acquire specific occupational diseases. This publication will be a speech about the disease among drivers in road transport. The main group of diseases - problems with the spine and pelvic organs. They are associated with constructive position driver's seat and steering wheel, followed by long periods of time the driver is not always a comfortable position. Radiculitis and osteochondrosis may also be included in this group. Hemorrhoids and prostate - also members of these very unpleasant disease, which belong to a group of occupational diseases of drivers in road transport. According to the results of statistical studies, prostatitis exposed from 40 to 60 percent of adult men. These diseases have different roots: the abuse of tobacco, alcohol, but the main thing - blood stagnation in the pelvic organs due to lack of movement. For men, of course, prostatitis is more dangerous than hemorrhoids, because this disease can lead to impotence, which adversely affect your personal life. Although hemorrhoids are too heavily darkens life. Another group of occupational diseases among the drivers associated with the constant nervous tension. After driving continuously stressful situations arise, for example - because of non-compliance with traffic regulations by other drivers, road conditions, personal factors, chronic fatigue, adverse weather conditions and many other things as well as road transport is a means of increased danger, the consequences of carelessness can be very serious.

Repair cylinder head vases

Modern overhead valve engine cylinder head - it's a pretty good set of tools and assemblies. When we talk about engine overhaul, the full data recovery mechanisms are almost the most complicated of all the machine operations - grinding of the crankshaft and cylinder bore together. It requires special equipment, a very large complexity and precision of the movements to be jewelry. In addition to repairing all the cylinder head WHA our technology with particular enthusiasm did not want. Crankshaft and the block repair is not necessary, and as head - is how it goes. As a result, the engine will be a "nedolechennom" mode. Removing the cylinder head and its disassembly. If it is determined that the cylinder head repair is necessary, it in most cases have to be removed from the engine. An exception may constitute only work noticed something no seals, for example - valve stem seals, and this fact can be attributed not for all models of VAZ (in older models, this operation also needs a partial dismantling). So before you start work, you must purchase all necessary parts, without which you will still not be able to do. In the professional repair that will be used for so-called upper works, which include laying of heads and all the other seals and gaskets, which are located above it. In a diesel engine in a similar set of head gasket is often not included, so it must be purchased separately. Before you carry out work to dismantle the engine VAZ, you should check the relative positions of the distribution and crankshafts, for this you will need to combine the suitable label.

How to choose a used domestic car

This article is written based on my experience and the experience of my friends and acquaintances. I hope that after reading the publication, you will understand how to choose a used domestic car of those that can be seen now on sale. There will also be captured by the cars manufactured in CIS countries, as they often can be found here. VAZ-classic. This domestic car simple design and a high number of mechanics inexpensively and quickly fix it. Additional parts are available and cheap. The reliability of these cars at the proper level, they have a good momentum booster. Fuel consumption often varies from 10.7 liters per 100 kilometers. Engines of 1100-1300 cu. see along the route will consume much less fuel than their 1500 and 1600 cm3 brother, but in an urban setting the second category would be much cheaper. Maximum speed and acceleration the car the second category would be much higher. You can find models that are running a 5-speed gearbox, it will, when moving at high speeds to significantly reduce fuel consumption (meaning speed over 120km / h). I want to note that, since 1995, collecting cars have become much worse - anti-corrosion properties of the body to be desired, reduced engine life. The cheapest cars in this category can be regarded as a model VAZ 2101 and VAZ 2103. After them come the Six and Five. The most expensive are considered to be VAZ 2104 and VAZ 2107. The difference in price of each model is significant, it may be from 200 to 750 dollars. Before the overhaul, engines can often go from 120000 to 200000 km.

Compression engine VAZ 2110

For some reason, many motorists are confused concepts such as compression and compression. Incidentally, despite their similarities, they are not the same. This is roughly the angle of the closed state of the contacts and the angle of ignition timing. Suffice it to note that the degree of compression is of the geometric, expressed in absolute terms (in other words it's just data that is not measured in any units), they are almost constant for the engines one model if they are not fine-tuned, and are out of the box . Compression, in turn, is measured by units of pressure (bar, MPa, atm), its readings are highly dependent on the measurement method and the technical condition of the car. Now we will tell you that is a compression engine VAZ 2110. Compression of a physical quantity that determines the pressure which has formed in the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke the mixture. It is measured in kg/cm2 or atmospheres are less often used measure in kilopascals, bars and other units. As you wear compression can vary greatly. It may depend on the degree of compression (optimal compression engine can be considered roughly calculated by multiplying the amount of compression ratio at 1.5 bar - this is due to the effect of adiabatic compression). As a result, the characteristic values ??for the standard compression engine VAZ 2110 will be approximately 9.7 atmospheres. (If the motor will be forced, then the compression can vary up to 11-13 atm.). Sense of compression is the technical condition of the motor and the entire machine as a whole, along with the oil pressure.

The scheme of automatic transmissions

Improve performance of modern vehicles has led to considerable complication of the device. A car equipped with an automatic transmission allowed greatly reduce the amount of load, which is attributed to the driver when moving that well reflected in the chassis, high-speed qualities and motor vehicles. Simplicity and reliability of operation determine the length of the widespread use of such invention. In our time, automatic transmissions are used on passenger cars and four-wheel drive cars, and even on trucks. When using a car with manual control, in order to maintain the necessary speed, the driver must frequently use the shift lever. In this article we will consider the principle and scheme of the automatic transmission. Based on this reason, he must constantly monitor engine load and speed of the machine. Application of an automatic gearbox eliminates the need for consistent use of leverage. Velocity change is automatic, depending on the load the motor, driver's demand and moving speed of the machine itself. Thus, compared with a manual gearbox, automatic gearbox has the following obvious advantages: permits and automatic and manual gear shifting, protects the chassis and engine of your vehicle from overload; smoothly and automatically generates a switching speed of its movement, according the load motor, the degree of efforts to press the gas pedal, increases driving comfort by freeing the driver from the control functions. All variety of automatic transmissions, used to date can be divided roughly into two types.

Types of transmissions and the general principle of action

Transmission Direct switching (DSG) - a 6-speed manual gear box equipped with two clutches and has the automatic transmission shifting. Feature of her is as follows. Two clutches, which are located coaxially, it connects to the motor. Besides working through the first clutch rear transmission and odd. And a second - all even. At the expense of this device is a smooth transition from the first stage to the second, and so on. This is similar to synchronous firing the clutch transmissions in neighboring hydro-box machine. First gear is still dispersed, and the second gear is already engaged. Although it is spinning while idling. At a time when it switches, connected to a computer DSG hydraulic simultaneously released the first and close the second clutch. Torque coming from the motor, is transmitted from first gear directly to the second. And in continuation to the last, sixth gear. And then vice versa. When a sixth gear, finally will be included, it will simultaneously rotate gear fifth gear. As a result, the motor is permanently connected to the transmission, and transfer switch without breaking the flow of power. In this publication we would like to tell you about what are the types of transmissions and the general principle of action. Types of gearboxes. Modern machines can be equipped with one of four types of transmissions - automatic, manual, CVT, or robotic. Mechanical gearbox with manual consists of several gears. A gear change through the introduction of a link in different combinations.

Diagnostics: Sensors motor control

For troubleshooting, there are basic circuit checks the various components. In the article "Diagnosis: sensors motor control," we'll show you how to deal with these or other devices that control the motor. Temperature Sensor Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor - Temperature sensor motor (DTM), but it looks like a thermistor, ie, a semiconductor resistor, its resistance varies with temperature. The sensor is screwed into a flow pipe cooling system and the motor is constantly present in the flow of coolant. When the fluid temperature is low the sensor has a high resistance (approximately 100 ohms at about 44 ° C), and when the temperature is high the opposite - low (11-34 ohm at 140 ° C). ECM motor through the resistance certain value applies to the sensor stabilized voltage of 5 V and using a divider measures the voltage drop across the device. The engine is cold it will be high, and when the engine is warm - low. The measured voltage drop on the device, the control unit determines the temperature indicator of coolant. This indicator affects the operation of many systems that are managed by automation. For example, the temperature of the motor is adjusted air-fuel mixture (BT-mix): a cold engine the mixture should be more enriched, for the warmed-over-depleted. On engine temperature and adjusts ignition timing angle. Misalignment (breakage) in the sensor circuit coolant be passed to the control unit as a low temperature of the motor. HT mixture at this very rich richer and the engine begins to work less efficiently, thus polluting the environment.

Work performed during maintenance of the main gear

The main gear is required to increase torque and its transfer to the wheel axis at a 90 degree angle. In this article we look at what the final drive of the car consider the types of work performed during maintenance of the main gear. The main gear with the differential consists of the following elements: pinion gear, gear-satellites; axis; gear axis; driven gear. The composition of the main gear comprises: driven gear pinion gear torque from the crankshaft motor through the gearbox, driveline and the clutch is transmitted to a pair of helical gears are always engaged. As a result, both wheels will spin at the same angular velocity. However, in this case, turn the machine is impossible, since wheel cars at this maneuver should receive unequal distance! If you take a toy car that has a rigid axle linked rear wheels, and the long ride it on the floor, then in your home can be badly hit the parquet. At every turn machines, one of its wheels will slip immediately, and leave a black mark on the floor. Let's look at the traces left by turning the wheels of any real machine. Interested considering these traces can be seen that the wheel (the outer from the center of rotation) is way much longer than the inner. If each wheel passed a similar number of turns, the rotation of the machine, with no black marks on the road, would have been impossible. Therefore, this machine, unlike the toy, has a mechanism that allows it to make turns without "drawing" rubber wheels on the track.

Purpose and design of gearboxes

If you handle the technical language of the gearbox is used to change the torque transmitted from the crankshaft engine to driving wheels, for moving the machine backwards and long-term uncoupling the motor from the transmission while parked cars and moving its freewheeling (for inertia). And now let us in terms of freshman analyze the purpose and design of gear boxes, will understand why is necessary to shift gears? Transfer switch is necessary, the necessity has arisen due to uneven torque of an internal combustion engine. We compare for example, ICE and electric motor. The main difference between the electric motor and traction motor with which we are interested point of view is the characteristics of thrust, that is, how to change depending on the number of revolutions of the torque and power. Y electric motors torque at low revs is quite big. As the unwinding of the moment may fall. For a car this characterization is best suited: during acceleration and moving from place when it is necessary to overcome a large force of inertia, torque is desirable to have as high as possible. In the appointment of maintaining a simple movement time needed is much smaller. Note that power an electric motor at any speed can be approaching the maximum, moreover, used almost in full on any mode, which means it is perfectly adapted to the conditions of the road. In internal combustion engines, everything is somewhat different: at low rpm power had significantly lower and the amount of torque the limited operating speed generally varies only slightly.

The principle of a manual transmission

Manual transmission consists of a set of gears that are members engage in various combinations, thus forming multiple stages or gears with different gear ratios. The greater the number of gears has a car, so he "adjusts" to changing traffic conditions. In this article we would like to tell the principle of a manual transmission. The advantages of manual transmission: manual transmission could allow a complete disconnection of the motor and transmission, so this car is started up easily with "shock" and may be towed at any speed over any distance because of the rigid connection with the motor-wheel drive, avtovladalets can more effectively use the machine when you walk on off-road, mud and ice-covered ground, are easy to operate and require no expensive consumables; Otrabotannost and simplicity of design, as a result - high reliability, high efficiency, the dynamics of acceleration and fuel economy, compared with other types of PPC lowest weight and cost. Disadvantages ILAC: Small resource coupling; stepwise change gear mechanism, gear shift, which is tired of the driver, especially in the urban cycle and driving in traffic jams for smooth shifting without jerks and proper gear selection must get skill. Speed ??manual gearbox run on a pair of schemes: a twin-shaft and three-shaft. Three-shaft gearbox is installed, often at zadneprivodnye machine. Two-shaft manual gearbox used in rear-and front passenger vehicles. Operation principle and device these gear boxes have structural differences, so they are treated separately.

Passive safety car

For the safety of passengers and the driver of the car used active and passive safety equipment. One important element of passive defense is considered and the size of the car, and safety proportional to the size of the car, large car a little safer. In addition to this method of passive protection there are others. The publication says that as a system of passive safety car. The most common element of passive safety systems are vehicle safety belts, the idea of ??which originated in 1907. At that point seat belts tightly fixed in the human body at the waist. For the first time in mass-produced car seat came from the Swedish company Volvo, and I had it in 1959. At the moment cars mainly staffed by three-point seat belts, and some four-point and five-point, but usually it's sports cars. Security depends primarily on how much a person in the car, pinned them to the chair. Now fitted with belt pretensioners. They are in an accident regulate slack, and thus increase safety, because in this way remains free space to expand the airbag. Therefore needed to ensure safety to the car worked like seatbelts and airbags, and they should work together. As shown by studies conducted by NHTSA, safety belts reduce the risk of injury in an accident at 45-60%. Of course, the need for airbags lately there is no dispute, because they will save from the broken glass, and the windshield is so dangerous shock in the accident. But it is now, but the first copies of the bags revealed a speed of 300 km / h, which agree, nasty, especially during the cotton was heard when they worked.

Cell phone holder, car

Great danger portends a driver talking on a cell phone while driving. Not every driver can afford a system of "hands-free" or known device Hands Free. To while driving to endanger themselves and their passengers can use a special device. This article will talk about the cell phone holder, car. When the driver was talking on a cell phone while driving, the likelihood of creating an emergency on the road increases significantly. Often the phone is in a remote place, and while driving it can be difficult to remove from a pocket or bag. In search of the phone the driver to some extent lose control of the car. Finding cell phone on the control panel is also not welcome. During the movement of the phone may fall and will cover God knows where. While searching for the driver just lost control over the full control of the car. Often, only a few moments, enough to create an emergency situation. To avoid such troubles, a special car holders for mobile phones. Properly and correctly installing such a device, the driver will always be able to see the phone display, instantly assess the significance of the call, and respond to it. Choosing a car cell phone holder. There are a great many products such appointment. For a start try to classify them. Holders are suitable for a particular phone model (model) and universal, which can be absolutely any model cell phone. Model car holders for mobile phones are a special socket to the size, coupled with mounting bracket. Holders for mobile phones clamshell models include the installation of mobile device, as in the folded and when unfolded.

Safety Rules for towing transport

You - not the only person that can happen to an incident on the road. Almost every driver in a situation when left alone with zaglohnuvshey machine. So do not despair and give up, do not say that you are the unluckiest person on this earth. Remember that a clever technique fails, what to say about the car, which most of the time, struggling with the bumps and potholes. Therefore, zaglohnuvshaya machine - this is only an episode, it once again proves the reliability of your vehicle. This article will discuss about the safety rules for tow vehicles. What is more likely to work units and sets the car, the faster they go wrong. Hence, going on the road, care should be taken, if necessary, towing transport at hand have the resources to help you get to the first hundred or your own garage. First assistant during an incident on the road is a cloth or nylon rope. Suitable for towing transport and iron rope, but it is difficult to exploit, as it gives a rough jerks, resulting from movement of both vehicles. In addition, injuries resulting from cuts iron rope fails to observe safety rules, greatly hurt and for a long time is not prolonged. Experienced drivers as a tow rope popular sling cargo parachute. It is quite strong, while flexible, not volume, and hence a lot of space in the trunk does not take. What quality would not be a rope, traffic rules, its length must fit into the framework of four to six meters. An important role in the selection of the rope for towing and transport are the ends, which can take many forms.

Pulled the lever, suspension repairs

Archimedes with a lever would "revolutionize the world." But the suspension arm, which broke down at high speed, or was torn, can flip without the efforts of the car. That can cause damage to suspension arms, and talk about this in the article "pulled the lever, suspension repairs. The design and purpose of car suspension arm. Lever - part of the suspension, allowing the wheel with independent suspension (the hub in a vertical plane) or a dependent suspension (bridge) to move relative to the body (frame). The levers do not allow uncontrolled variance in other directions, keeping their spatial state down to millimeters. Thus, the lever provides for freedom of the wheel, or a bridge in the vertical plane. The operating principle of the lever suspension is simple, like in the era of Archimedes: one side is fixed to the wheel hub (bridge) and another attached to the body (frame) articulately. If the suspension is independent, then the lower (and rarely in the upper) arm may rest against an elastic component and a damper (stabilizer, springs, shock absorbers). Suspension type determines the number of instruments that fall on each wheel. One system has McPherson (most cars front suspension A-, B-, C-class, at least - D-class), two - a parallelogram (WHA - the classics, "Moskvich", "Volga"), the number of instruments can reach up to five in some of the current cars. When the suspension in the latter case, the best stability and controllability provided by moving the wheel up and down the difficult path.

How to cheer up, if you really want to sleep

Very serious problems may occur when the wheel is a tired driver. The condition is not slept a person can be compared with the state of human alcohol intoxication. Very hard driver to concentrate and maintain attention to the limit if he had not slept about 20 hours. The reaction of the driver is identical with the reaction of a drunken man. How to cheer up, if you really want to sleep on the eve of a trip or while driving, talk in this article. Lack of sleep at night, even for 1-2 hours affects the ability of the driver to drive. Speed ??of reaction is slowed down considerably worse motor coordination and the emergence of carelessness leads to errors when driving. These facts often lead to unfortunate consequences, since such a driver poses a security risk, both the driver and other road users. According to the extras, most accidents are caused by tired, hardly awake driver. In some countries provides for responsibility of the driver if he is driving in a drowsy state. Employed women drivers who live in large cities often face the problem of lack of sleep. Tired at work and pace of modern life lead to an increase in stress on the person. It is no secret that lately the modern women have to work hard, and yet another and home affairs takes time and effort. All these worries practically deny women full night's sleep. Observed that compared with their predecessors a modern woman does not fill up about 2000 hours. Insufficient sleep syndrome is a scientific term. Most people have similar symptoms.

Technical specification Ford Galaxy

In this article, "Technical specification Ford Galaxy» we will tell you about the car «Ford Galaxy», will tell you how he is comfortable and stylish, what additional options are available, with some engine sale «Ford Galaxy», what is its maximum capacity and give you some of its technical characteristics. Car «Ford Galaxy» includes seven seats, has the ability to carry a heavy load, the car has a powerful motor, has good maneuverability, but at the price of «Ford Galaxy» similar to the usual European mid-class sedan. For an additional fee, as an option you can set the system adaptive cruise control, a transparent roof, with a constant suspension adjustment Damper, displays in the headrests, Headlights, and a ticket to business class. And although «Ford Galaxy» failed to win a contest "Machine of the Year", still it can be considered a standard mini-Wen. This car is very similar to a car «Ford S-Max», they even manual general. In our time, now not so many mini-vans, which are spectacular, but still elegant look. If multi-seat cars are beautiful and comfortable, the «Ford Galaxy» - this is the most stylish car. After all, look at the car, his headlights are made as sharp corners, has a rapid body, and its windshield and hood are merged, so that is not visible even break. Its sides can easily capture the views of speakers contours arches, trim and brushed metal, which is a great business card top-end performance. Incidentally, the glass sparkles almost half the area of ??the car, from this it kind of lost nothing from the outside, but on the contrary view from the inside pushed the displayed picture.

Reviews are the owners of Ford Explorer

In this article, "Guest owners Ford Explorer» We talk about the car «Ford Explorer», and also write how consumers respond to this car. Geometric cross predecessor was not worse, not better. On the new "Explorer" independent suspension and rear, and front passed without any changes. In 2001 there was a replacement of bridges on the rigid wishbones, Ford was a good ride on a paved road, their skills, which he received, he would not have lost. Cornering the car is extremely composed. But perhaps I have too much to ask of an American car. Great to have, even what car Ford Explorer, given that its capacity has increased from 242 to 296 horsepower, also it has a five-liter V-shaped figure of eight, is still able to keep the trajectory on slippery roads. Car «Ford Explorer» is equipped with rear-wheel drive, interaxle lock is not enabled. During the stalling, the front wheels of the car Ford Explorer start paddling. Thrust enough so that at 1500 rpm, the car weighed in at two and a half tons, could not only support speeds of 140 kilometers per hour, but still could and accelerate. And yet with such a thrust the car Ford Explorer through its six speed automatic, handles quite well, so the 6-speed automatic does not allow Ford Explorer does not allow sharp yank the car and not entangled in the gears. Although there is a disadvantage, in a mode «kick down» it's too long "thinks", but you do not worry, because it is quite normal for such automatic transmissions.

Ford Fusion - specifications

In this article, «Ford Fusion - Specifications" we will tell you about the car «Ford Fusion», as it is convenient, as it behaves on the road. What additional options are available with this car, what is their price, with some engine is better to buy and how much money you have to pay to buy a car «Ford Fusion» with certain engines, and also give you some technical specifications. This car sold for a long time. I drive a «Ford Fusion» with automatic transmission and get pleasure from it as a "machine" we have on the market offers a mechanical robotic box "Dyurashift. The robot is combined with the relatively modest 1.4-liter engine in the works and disgusting. At each switch, the car jerks, and the passengers look at you as if you graduated yesterday. This is especially lacking when the car accelerates rapidly, it turns out that the machine osekaetsya, if someone had stomped on the brake pedal, and then jumps back as if to come. This car is very difficult not to notice, it is significantly higher than ordinary passenger cars. He has a wide wheel arches, headlights almost square, great, this car is like his appearance said that he had grown up and ready for adult life. The developers gave «Ford Fusion» such as the definition, the urban, active car, often the "Ford" also called "urban terrain vehicle", although this name is no confirmation. The front panel of the strict form, made of black plastic, and if you look at the gears, looks like a joystick for gaming consoles.

Ford Kuga - specifications

In this article, «Ford Kuga - specifications, we will tell you about the car« Ford Kuga »and to its technical characteristics. German model of «Ford» shines verified and expressive design and combines fresh ideas. «Ford» self-built crossover, without any outside help. Focus platform was used as a basis, the suspension of the Focus, front-wheel drive was added clutch Haldex, this is a good combination, in order to overcome the European roads. Ford Kuga goes quite skillfully. Car convincingly stable, fast and on good roads in Europe, this is a good car. Designers worked on the suspension and as a result, it came quietly, safely and gently. Careful work was done on sound insulation of all the sounds in the cabin, only to hear the rustle of tires. No transmission constraints, no wind howls. When the car goes off road, not the traditional sounds of the beating of sand, pebbles knocking. This car engineers are ready for good roads and high speeds. Good setup for electrical power steering. Three settings, they are sewn into the onboard computer, in Russian, to change the settings, you need to go into the menu. But we have people all love computers, still some individuals shy away from using MS. Quality interior Kuga, is a big step forward. It was tasked to finish, not to save, and do it all in a big way. As a result, the quality of the interior was much higher and better than in this price class. This car comfortable seats. «Ford» tried to focus on computer models of seats, above the lounge, landing, and also worked on human beings, which is why Ford Kuga car turned a comfortable and convenient, both for passengers and for the driver.

Ford Maverick, specifications

In this article, «Ford Maverick, technical specifications, we will tell you about the car Ford Maverick, which had more options, how much it costs, spend a little testdrayv, and describe how it behaves on the road, and introduce you to him specifications. When the SUV called "parquet", then this means that he can not go beyond the road, the car «Ford Maverick» made for a comfortable and fast ride on the asphalt. There is no extra power when «Ford Maverick» taxi into the wide world, he shows me his virtues of a new 2,3-liter engine. Old car 2-liter was calculated at 124 horsepower, and of course lost its Japanese competitors. Quite a different story a hundred and fifty horsepower. This unit is for its mechanical 5-speed box is universal and easily adapts to any driver. Depending on your mood and temperament of the driver «Ford Maverick» dramatically changes its character. For example, I'm a lazy meal in fourth gear at a speed of 70 kilometers per hour. If the road is not expected until the traffic lights, I can go to fifth gear and drive on, while fuel consumption is minimal, the car will be just as quietly, as if the motor does not exist. And now let's try to awaken a "road beast." Turn on the second and all of this, the engine sees no disturbance, of course, he raised his voice, but there was no tremor of the body, no wild howling. Loved his regime from 4000 rpm to 6000 rpm, and the second can at least all day ride through the city, if you do not mind to be gasoline, but what if this would be the speaker.

Ford Focus C Max 1,6 liter., 115 hp, the price

In this article, «Ford Focus C Max 1,6 liter., 115 hp, the price" we'll tell you about the car «Ford Focus C-Max» and its technical characteristics. Car «Ford Focus C-Max» was designed by designers, as an assistant in the economy, while not devoid of sporting character and panache. The car has increased front and rear suspension, the width of pads was reduced to 25 mm and the diameter of the brake discs has been increased to 300 mm, used 16-inch wheels. When the designer Pauline instructed to develop a new car company Ford, he thought it was probably a joke, because as you can trust the most promising car yesterday's students. But two years passed it became clear that the designer and the machine just found each other. To develop a new car, it was preceded by a lot of work. You could even say that «Ford Focus C-Max» has been born from the calculator. Requires a machine that was worthy of a 100-year anniversary, which could not keep up with other neighbors on the market. Then it was decided that we must take a new car and lay it on another platform, namely the Focus, which was once the universally recognized authority. The car «Ford Focus C-Max» has been extended to the rut of 40 mm, enlarged base, and was replaced by an electric power steering electro-hydraulic hybrid. Car body design is undoubtedly a success. For quite reasonable money buyers were able to get a good assistant. Not to charge extra money from the buyers declined to seven-passenger models, and decided to do five-seater.

How do additives in motor oil?

You are in good condition, but is not a new car? Applying low-cost, high-quality motor additive can be a very long time to support him in this state. What is the difference between these additives? We generalize you have learned, bringing the known facts, as there are additives in motor oil, without further details. Fast flow of scientific and technological progress has led to what began to develop new technologies that until recently were considered science fiction. For example, many owners of old cars were able to avoid major repairs machines in the early 90's, thanks to additives, based on new material - Teflon. Nowadays you can find an immense amount of additives in motor oil in Russia and abroad. According to the principle of operation can be divided into several types: metal conditioners, additives containing plastics additives, which are based light metals, additives based on high-solid ceramic compounds. Forming on the contact surfaces as slippery surfaces, they also have drawbacks - coating on the rubbing surfaces is not applied selectively, and is manifested plastic coating on all surfaces that come into contact with oil. Coverage is even where it is undesirable, such as motor oil channels, this leads to a decrease in pressure and oil "starvation" of parts. In plastics additives efficiency per unit of contact surfaces of low and high flow part. A significant advantage is the low price. Cladding additives have some downsides. It is widely known that the main engine wear accounts for multiple modes.

Ford Ranger, specifications

In this article, «Ford Ranger, technical specifications, we will tell you about the car« Ford Ranger », and also tell about its specifications. On the Russian market have launched an updated version of a pickup «Ford Ranger». Continue to machine manufactured in Thailand, where there is produced Mazda BT-50. Machine is relatively heavy and large, at length, it more than 5 meters. Engineers have worked over handling of this car and have a good car performance. Therefore, any citizen coped well with the parking in the close yard, will pass through the narrow streets, well will feel the flow in the road. But involuntarily flinch when she sees behind her unusual and such a huge body. When the acceleration to 150 kilometers per hour, even belatedly realizes that there are no miracles in this world, it's just a pickup truck. And let his powerful brakes, built-in power steering and excellent visibility. Can show off your leather interior, it will be able to add some pleasant sensations. There are minor but attractive additions are devices that show the outside temperature, slope angle, compass. For such a machine is an unusual and parking sensors. Y «Ford Ranger» No cabin filter and ESP. Under the hood of this machine is installed turbo 2.5 liter capacity of 143 horse power, they will suffice for all occasions. Four wheel drive, reducing gear and the front axle includes a single lever. On the roads of Finland with a gravel surface, it is best to walk or ride at a pickup truck. Just do not need to be dispersed.

Specifications, Ford Transit

In this article, "Specifications, Ford Transit» we will tell you about the car «Ford Transit», and also describe its characteristics. «Ford Transit» was born, and immediately won the title "Van of the Year." The car weighs about three and a half tons to operate such motor vehicle, it is enough to have a driver's license category "B". Hence, we make a small conclusion that such a machine does not require special driving skills. A car with a light payload option for up to one ton, diesel engine equipped with a Dura Torg, which is located across the car «Ford Transit», thanks to him driving a front-wheel drive. Serious "lorry" retained the longitudinal location of the power unit, its role is diesel, which has volume 2.4 liters. It is these cars can be seen on the streets as taxis. The engine on front-drive cars is located transversely in the cargo compartment floor level dropped by almost ten inches. There are small differences in the brakes and transmission. «Ford Transit» in the plant catalog Kombi 280 SWB, said as the car, which has total mass 2.8 tons for the carriage of passengers. Subtle analysis allows to realize that a car carrying capacity of less than a ton, front-wheel drive and is equipped with a two-liter turbodiesel. Turn of a key, two outbreaks in the cylinders and diesel comes to life, fills the machine tractor tarahtenem. While warming up the engine, you can look around. In general should call the passenger cabin, but here's seat in this car, for some reason are not available, only visible through-hole in the floor.

Lubricating oil: viscosity measurement unit

By the nature of the feedstock lubricants are divided into: synthetic, vegetable and animal oil. For the lubrication mechanisms of trucks and tractors used oils, which are mainly produced by refining crude oil - petroleum oil. Lubricating oil: viscosity measurement unit, we learn from this publication. _ Petroleum oils are divided into distillates, which are made by fractional distillation of oil. Residual obtained by distillation residues from the distillation of oil. Blended oils are a mixture of residual and distillate oils. By way of purification from unwanted contaminants (sulfur compounds, asphalt-resinous substances), petroleum oils belong to three groups: 1) The acid-alkaline treatment, and 2) acid-contact treatment, and 3) selective clearing. During the preparation of lubricating oil a particular species, often mixed oil fraction of the individual to be able to provide oil to the properties that set standard. Based on those requirements that apply to lubricating oils, have been taken important measures of quality evaluation of oils. The viscosity of lubricating oils is measured in units of conventional, kinematic and dynamic viscosity (as diesel). Viscosity is expressed in arbitrary degrees, and is defined as the ratio of expiration time of a standard viscometer 200 cm3 of the test oil at a given temperature (about 50 or 100 degrees Celsius), at the time of the expiration of distilled water at a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. Since conventional viscosity does not represent a true viscosity, then the standards for oil show, as a rule, the kinematic viscosity.

Flushing engine before oil change

The majority of motorists believed that flushing the engine before oil change does not really need, and some car repair specialists can in a few minutes to convince you that this procedure is vital for the engine of your car. At the same time, the adherents of this system must be aware that after flushing the system will remain still some amount of oil, it will be impossible to remove completely from there. At the end of this procedure, all channels and cavities in the interior of the engine remains a small amount of dirty masses of butter and a highly concentrated cleaning fluid, which is present here from 10 to 20 percent. Than it could be fraught with the engine? More or less experienced motorist understands one thing, that engine oil consists of base oil and additive package that is balanced to be there. The matter is in this same balance. In qualitative motor oil in our time such a large number of additives. This includes defoamers, and viscosity, and antioxidants, and detergents, and corrosion inhibitors, etc. Percentage of them in oil is evaluated by various studies and a long balanced process. The successful selection, the manufacturer is achieved stable weight. It guarantees the stability of the engine throughout the life cycle until the next oil change. Now imagine the system that you washed with detergent before poured into her new oil. The system has remained about 10% of the total number of flooded into the system for cleaning fluid. For the Soviet car that's about half a liter, more expensive European cars with roomy "engines" of the order of liters of cleaning fluid mixed with dirty oil.

Supplements and additives used in lubricants

At this stage of engine oil to use, without using additives, undesirable due to the fact that it is impossible to produce such oil, would provide an effective protection of the engine. In addition, there are no oils, which are long term. All lubricants available today include a specific set of supplements and additives, the total number of which reaches 25%. In this article let's talk about supplements and additives used in lubricants. All existing supplements and additives used in lubricants, divided into the following types: viscosity-thickening additives additives Additives Cleaning, protecting against wear additives to protect against oxidation additives against rust and corrosion inhibitors foam friction modifiers depressor additives. Viscosity-thickening additive. The effect of these additives on the oil condition is the ability of macromolecules metamorphosed under the influence of temperature factors. When cold, these molecules have a helical structure, therefore, does not affect the oil condition. But oil is hot, as the macromolecules are rectified, and increase the viscosity of the oil. Thus, thickening additives and additives used in lubricants, increase the viscosity index. In the case where the content of viscosity additives in the oil reaches about ten percent of such lubricants are called winter and all-season. The driver alone can produce different viscosity index by adding additives and supplements. If the underlying index of the oil viscosity is high enough, additives are added in smaller amounts, but if the underlying index is low, then add more additives.

Kinds of additives that increase the lifespan engine

What is an oil and lubricants, SAE designations

Engine Oils - Lubricants are synthetic and petroleum oils, which are used for wear parts and components to reduce friction and increase the slip in piston engines, as well as to seal the gaps in the piston group and remove heat from the friction surfaces. Today we'll describe what the oil and lubricants, SAE designations and their characteristics. All motor oils are exposed to large thermal and mechanical effects. Fuel should not strongly thin oil, in turn, the oil should not form a resinous deposits and sludge, and foam rapidly evaporate and lose fluidity at low temperatures. As can be appreciated from the scope and oils must possess good antifriction and antiwear properties, not to destroy other material and not cause corrosion of metals used in engines. We describe the main characteristics of oils that may interest us. Since we are not physicists and chemists, we describe everything in the lite version. Viscosity - it is a property of the liquid body, which provides resistance to flow under the influence of other forces. Viscosity is one of the most important properties of oils. Depending on the temperature of change defines the boundaries of the temperature range it should apply oil. In freezing weather oil should not have a strong viscosity, in order to ensure the cold starting the engine (to make the rotation starter) and a pump to pump the lubricating system. When temperatures are high oil should not have a very low viscosity in order to maintain the required pressure in the system and create a sufficient lubricating film between the contacting parts.

Top Ten Japanese engines

Here are the ten best Japanese car companies, you know what they produce engines. It is clear that the car is chosen not only to that which it is the engine, but all the same, this factor should not be "discounted." You will know the quality of consumer best Japanese car engines, such as a resource, reliability, efficiency, simplicity in operation, under repair. Ten of the best Japanese engines, please read this publication. After reading this article, many would say: "Yes, my most excellent 4D56 engine, never been repaired, and consumes only 5 l/100 km. So I just make a reservation, all that is written in this article are based on statistics. And if your engine is not broke, then you are lucky. I'd like to read this article first inhabitants of western and central regions of Russia, because it will help them fill the lack of "dialogue" with Japanese cars. Toyota Engines of this company well to repair and very reliable (though, as they say, the motor engine - strife). In the Toyota engines rather rare to find such "freaks" as a balancing shafts (as opposed to Mitsubishi, who loves them very much), the system of variable valve timing (although Toyota is increasingly began to implement a system VVTi) and other things that affect the reliability. At Toyota cars are well organized hood space, so serve these cars fairly easily. Among the Japanese engines Toyota can come across as a very reliable and good engines, and is clearly bad installations.

Roads in urban areas at night transport

In his article "The roads in urban areas at night transport" we will call your attention to the difference between driving at night from the management of the day. Even in well-lit road visibility path still significantly reduced. In the evening at the driver change and psychological disposition, and general physical condition. Markedly reduced reaction and observation. During the night, despite a decline in traffic on the road, according to statistics occurs in approximately 50% of accidents. To learn how to behave during the night and what you should know the driver of the car and we'll talk in our article. The most important thing for the driver is the implementation of traffic rules and compliance with speed limits. Path when braking to a complete stop should not exceed the visibility distance. It is recommended to reduce the speed to 40 km / h. Especially at night is very tiring and annoying, when visibility deteriorates further due to contamination of the windshield. And of course you want to include headlamp. A headlamp switch only if there is no coverage at all, and then only for a short time and in the absence of oncoming traffic. Try if possible not to leave in the dark. How to prepare your car for night driving. 1. First you need to check the serviceability of headlights, brake lights and turn indicators. Wipe the glass of these devices. To remove dirt from the glass, use dry cloth. If you do not clean the glass in time, visibility may be degraded by half.

Rules drive at night

Travel by car at night is not as harmless and innocent as might at first seem a novice behind the wheel. And, despite a decrease in traffic again, probably, at ten, at that time accounted for half of the total number of traffic troubles. At night, naturally, it is recommended to sleep, gain strength, not out of the usual schedule and upcoming trips to carry on a light during the day. Known drivers who think that the night is easier to ride, because the intensity on the roads is reduced and can move quietly and quickly. Judge that this opinion is widespread, it is possible by the number of cars is carried on the roads in the summer night. If you have little driving experience, then you do not need to go somewhere at night, better go to bed quietly and sit behind the wheel after dawn - you'll save your health and strength, as well as reduce the probability that in an emergency. However, the acute need for the trip at night, suggest to use the below listed recommendations. Thus, the rules of riding in a car at night. In preparing the cars for overnight travel should be verifiable by the lighting system and how clean their glass. In the proper form must be rear-view mirrors and windshield wipers. In summer, while driving on the car window is broken a lot of flies, mosquitoes and moths. Contaminated glass makes it difficult to review and diffuses the glow car headlights, racing in the opposite direction. Better not try to scrub the glass wiper - just brush smear dirt on the glass, thus further worsening visibility.

How to feel confident on the road

We have a long hearing on a term such as "feel" or "feel" the car. For the most secure and reliable driving style necessary to understand and comprehend what this phenomenon. In this article "How to feel confident on the road" look at the basic skills that will help to learn driving skills and learn to "feel" for your car. Visual perception. On where you look, the success of your trip - with careful and concentrated driving you notice all the little things and details that one way or another, promote you in control. In view of the driver should get road signs. Need to pay attention to both the color and the shape of a traffic sign. Depending on the types of road signs - to prevent, prohibit, bounding, Information - must comply with general requirements. Are looking at the drivers, sending you on the road warning gestures. Maybe they want you for something preventable. For example, one short blink distant light means "pay attention", and two short - "in front of unsafe or traffic police post. Not only make their own visual signs and signals themselves are different. For example, during a forced night-stop on the roadside, put a flashing red light or a warning triangle. During the ride, pay attention to pedestrians crossing the street at the crosswalk. Cars in front to control the peripheral vision in order to assess formed on road conditions and keep your distance. Going on his iron horse on the free route, you are moving in a straight line, and the dimensions of your car are unchanged.

Factors influencing the consumption of gasoline car

Modern cars, on fuel consumption, are quite economical, but buying a car, you should understand that the data given in the datasheet, are slightly different from the actual figures. First, the test vehicle in the laboratory, and the situation there is different from the real operating conditions. An equally important factor that can not be verified in a laboratory, a driver's driving habits, traffic jams and saturation of traffic. In more detail, the factors affecting the gas mileage car, consider in this material. Gas mileage car while driving. During the movement of fuel consumption depends on the speed and engine power, also plays the role of topography, climate, time of year, the condition of the road, do you climb a mountain, or slide down, and much more. Increasing speed auto, air resistance will increase and exceed any force already, even at 60 miles per hour. Will experience a significant increase in speed from 100 - 120 km / h, exceeding all other resistance forces. With pressure in the tires and the type and weight of the car rolling resistance is associated with an increase rate of resistance also increases. Depends on the rate of loss due to friction in the mechanisms, it can be determined by the way what viscosity oil you use. Inertial force with the intensity increase, and will prevent overclocking. The angle of ascent during the movement of the hill increases the resistance. Approximately 5% of gasoline consumed can be attributed to the cost of the work of subordinate units, such as air conditioning compressor, power steering, alternator, and others.

Mandatory vehicle maintenance

Regular inspection of the car to help in saving money and time, special tools and skills they require from you is not, but it will pay off well, besides, the time they take a little bit. In this article will talk about how to perform essential maintenance vehicle. Bus. To protect yourself, and extend tire life, it is necessary to monitor air pressure, as well as their condition. If we consider the lateral tire wear, it is worth noting that he is of two kinds - two-sided or unilateral. When worn on both sides, you should pay attention to the pressure - more likely it is insufficient, also try to reduce speed when making turns. When worn on the one hand, and vehicle maintenance to pay attention to the collapse of the wheels, and adjust or replace suspension parts. If there is a central wear a sign that the tire pressure increases. Electrical system. That's quite a common problem with the battery. To avoid them, it should be mandatory during the car's service to conduct a series of checks. Of course, that before you carry a battery any manipulation should be familiar and comply with safety regulations. If the tray or the battery terminals present corrosion, you can remove it with a solution of soda. It is also necessary to process the zinc primer Corrosion of metal parts and then paint. Allow the battery to be about once every three months. Brakes. Be sure to regularly check the brake fluid level, but it should be remembered that it is harmful to painted surfaces and to avoid hitting her in the eye.

Driving in icy conditions, poor visibility or snow

In the article "Driving in icy conditions, poor visibility, snowfall," we will tell you how you can drive in these conditions. Review, good visibility are important conditions for driving without an accident. Recall that we feel, when a lit room, we find ourselves in darkness. It takes time to our eyes accustomed to darkness. And then, when sharply includes headlights coming toward the car, it makes the other driver, as if blind, and those few seconds, enough to make a run over. Even if the blinding was light and lasted 10 seconds, the vehicle without control at 60 km / hour during this time will be 170 kilometers of road. Does not exclude the fact that on these meters may be unlit objects and people. And in order to avoid trouble, you just need to stop and wait. The brighter the lights illuminate the road, the driver perceives no glare, high brightness opposing headlights. Design lighting improved. Good lights should be well-adjusted, or they light floods drown all but the curb and the road. And good headlights must also be able to manage. Driver's behavior on the road says about the culture of behavior on the road. Irritation headlight drivers are already feeling the 500 or 700 meters. At such a distance from the driver there is a desire to a colleague went to the passing light. Ride at night, it's not a simple matter. The darkness can be full of surprises, and you want to meet her without fuss or panic. Before you go to the night journey, you need to get some sleep.

Driving a car at night

As you know, summer and spring the townspeople during the night have to travel more than, for example, in the winter. According to statistics, the chance to get in an accident at night is almost two times more than during the day. In this regard, there are some rules to facilitate driving at night. Lights. Motorists of vehicles for which there is no "smart" suspension (it monitors the position of the vehicle relative to road), as well as automatic headlamp leveling, it is recommended to adjust the light itself to travel at night. Adjustment is made by the following method, for example, if you are traveling behind a passenger, then the regulator gidrokorrektora expose the digit one, if there were two passengers, respectively, at number two, and if the luggage is loaded, the controller is exposed on the number three. If you go for any car, turn the high beam, so as not to blind the driver vperediiduschego car through the rearview mirror. Some of the switching regulator in position three, thus lowering the rays of light as down. Windshield. The windshield needs to be washed up to the ideal of purity, at least once a month, since dirt or plaque, for example, oily stains, which are quite visible during the day, while driving at night can cause an accident because the light from oncoming traffic is refracted in them, and turns into a blinding spot. Dusk. Dimmer is recommended not to switch off altogether, as described in the revisions to the SDA. This is totally justified, above all, when driving at dusk, because the most dangerous the car, which is moving without lights.

Safety of traffic on the road at night

It's no secret that for many drivers and indisputable evidence - that the night-time is more failures than even in the "rush hour". Accidents at night differ significantly severity, with most accidents are pedestrians. Such statistics speak for themselves: Night riding difficult in all respects, from the point of the security regime of motion, and in terms of activity and attention of drivers. The main factors that directly affect the accident rate at night, this reduction and a distortion of visibility of the roadway, reduced concentration and reaction of the driver in mind fatigue after a working day, as well as headlight glare oncoming car. All this leads to different consequences, the grand total that - an accident. But is it possible to reduce the risk of getting into an accident at night, because not all factors depend on the driver? Here are some tips to help you when driving a car at night. 1. Prepare yourself for a night trip in advance: wipe lights, add to water for washing the windshield detergent, regularly check the condition of wiper blades and the time to change them. 2. The brightness of the dashboard should be sufficient to display all indicators clearly enough, but the light does not irritate eyes. 3. Follow all prescribed rules with regards to regulation and the inclusion of the near and distant light. 4. Overtaking warn before reaching the car, blinking beam, and as you approach the light switch to the passing, and only coming up with the overtaken can turn the high beam.

How to pass the crossroads - tips for beginners to motorists

The rules of the road said: Crossroads - is formed by intersecting (branching or adjacent to each other) at the same level roads area. He is limited by imaginary lines that connect the external borders of roadsides and sidewalks. At first glance, it seems that the rules of roundabouts and clear their determination to guarantee complete safety. Crossroads - it's one of those places where accidents happen very often. Let us know the statistics of accidents. To unregulated crossings account for the majority of road accidents. How not to get involved in an accident at the intersection and drive it properly? Talk about this in his article "How to pass the crossroads - tips for beginners to motorists."

An action plan for driving at night

What you need to know beginning drivers

Ensuring traffic safety during low visibility

Review a bigger impact on the assessment of road conditions. Need to see the situation on the road, and to analyze how well your car is visible to other road users. Reduced visibility may be a consequence not only of bad weather: rain, fog or twilight, it may be caused by so-called "blind zones". The review may be hindered by other vehicles (especially large), houses, trees, the design features of cars ("dead zones") and the terrain. In this article we describe how to ensure safety when visibility is reduced. The list below are listed the most common cases of limited visibility. 1. You should start with the most common situation - a "dead zone". Many drivers know about it, and each has its own methods to test it when you rebuild. Most often pose a panoramic rear view mirror, or additional mirrors. I, for example, check out this band when you rebuild a quick nod to the right. Left the area, I almost never check, because always trying to control her, looking in the rearview mirror. For example, in the back drove the car that suddenly disappeared from the mirror, in which case it is either the left or right, and given that we have right-hand traffic, it's easier to look right: if it is not there - he is on the left. 2 You are approaching the bus stop, on which the tram, trolley or bus. Not all people know that the only way to go to the rear of the bus. Do not forget about the trams, you must stop to allow pedestrians to their stops. A similar situation occurs when the right lane, or roadside stands wagon, in front of it can suddenly run out to pedestrians.

What knowledge is necessary to begin the driver

Each year at the wheel sits a huge number of novice drivers who have just finished driving school courses. How many more questions will arise in any driving situation! Some information can be gleaned by reading the article "What knowledge is necessary to begin the driver." Conditioned signals are among the drivers Now you got behind the wheel of his car, race down the road, and fly past the cars. And now you are starting a passing driver twice you zoom, and driver of the car that rides behind, suddenly includes headlights. What does all this mean? We give you detailed instructions, studying you can easily get into the signal alphabet motorists. It is unknown when and in what country first began to use conventional signals to facilitate communication between drivers on the road. But the spread of the alphabet signals among drivers in Russia has to police itself. One day, giving an interview, one policeman angrily told me that the West novice drivers warn of police posts to each other signal lights. The newspaper published the article with the words of the policeman. Our drivers immediately took over the experiences of foreign counterparts. Our Soviet motorists twinkle lights. Any driver, regardless of the level of driving, you must have knowledge of the SDA. Signals are directly targeted headlights lights - illuminate the road for motorists. But for motorists, they were kind of a light signal. If oncoming cars gives high beam headlamps two short flashes, the novice driver warns you of danger.

Tips novice motorists on the road

From the instruction of trainers in driving schools depends on how the future will behave motorists on the road. After receiving the coveted card training is just beginning, because in a driving school receive only the most basic knowledge, focusing on the concept of the device and vehicle storage points of the rules of the road. Few hundred kilometers of newly made the driver a better ride in the company of seasoned motorists, traveling more than one one ten thousand kilometers. Driving experience will gradually accumulate on the basis of our own mistakes and advice of other drivers. Therefore, do not hurt to remember tips beginner motorist on the road. Long journey by road is very debilitating effect on inexperienced drivers, there were occasions when people fall asleep at the wheel of fatigue. If you feel severe fatigue, stop at a gas station or shop around for a little nap. There are cases where movement is necessary to continue, then buy in a store of energy, drink coffee, eat something healthy food helps to overcome sleep. Cheer helps all kinds of singing, cold air in the cabin. Stop, get out of the car, breathe the fresh air and make a small charge. Some drivers drink a lot of water, and restrain the desire to go to the toilet, it will not just fall asleep. Beware of small junctions in the settlements of the way of your route, at any time at a crossroads, you may receive a child or a drunk local. Such cases occur most frequently in the roadside villages. On narrow roads beware of transport with one working headlight, it could be a motorcyclist and a car with a broken headlight.

The principle of power steering

The need to reduce stress, which drivers have made to the steering wheel, and gave rise to the amplifiers. This article will consider the principle of power steering, its structure and recommendations for use. Hydraulic power steering (WTP) provides comfort and enhances safety. If there is a rupture front tires, it helps to keep control over the car. Reliability of WTP depends on its timely service. Power was widespread use due to the fact that in addition to the basic function they are: · retain the possibility to control the car at the amplifier output of the order; · soften the blows transmitted to the steering wheel on rough roads, reduced driver fatigue and helps to keep driving at break front tires · ; reduced gear ratio steering mechanism between its extreme positions decreases the number of turns steering, increasing maneuverability · provides kinematic tracker action and a sense of the road. " The device is a hydraulic power steering Power steering is a hydraulic system, which consists of such elements. · Pump providing pressure and the circulation of fluid in the system. It is attached to the engine, his drive from the crankshaft is belt driven. · Dispenser dispenses the fluid flow in the right cavity of the hydraulic cylinder, or back into the tank. May be on the same shaft with the elements of the steering linkage or steering mechanism. The distributor is sensitive to oil pollution. · Transforming the fluid pressure in the displacement of the piston and rod, hydraulic cylinder rotates the wheels through a system of levers.

Basic units and transmission units

The main link for transmission of torque to the drive wheels of the engine crankshaft is the transmission. Transmission through a change in direction and magnitude of torque. This article will address the basic units and components for automobile transmission. During the movement speed of the drive wheels is around 1300 rpm, with the engine crankshaft rotates at a speed of 5000 - 6000 rpm. Simple math helps to conclude that, under ideal conditions wheels spin slower crankshaft is nearly four times. With increasing resistance of the car, which occurs under adverse conditions, the velocity ratio increases as the car is moving at slow speed. In the operation of the vehicle is constantly changing quantities supplied to the wheels of time and speed of movement. This happens in cases of various maneuvers, reversing and braking. Thanks to major sites and aggregates, which are designed for automobile transmission, Torque, which develops engine is supplied to the driving wheels, and the commission of various maneuvers become possible. Transmission, there are three layout types: all-wheel drive, front-and RWD. The latter is a classical type of transmission. Try to understand the data types of this mechanism the car. RWD transmission consists of the following units and units: Clutches, gearbox, driveline, transmission main, billow; differential. Front-wheel drive transmission comprising: coupling; gearbox main transmission; drive shaft front wheels, differential. With this type of transmission all of its units are merged into a single unit and placed under the hood of the car.

Cars with four-wheel drive

Full drive in the minds of most drivers is firmly established as a synonym for all-terrain vehicles. Therefore, in this article we would like to tell you about the cars with all wheel drive. Modern machines have a large reserve of residual capacity, and the sudden pressing the accelerator pedal at the start of the cohesive forces of one of the pairs of road wheels is often lacking. Slip or stalled the drive wheels, with the excess thrust will go along with the burned-out "rubber". And, distributing traction than two, but once on four wheels while using the entire weight of the car as a coupling, you can reduce the likelihood of slipping almost doubled and warrant at the same time a serious launch acceleration. In addition, four-wheel drive provides better directional stability and control the machine in motion, especially when the road is slippery, allowing the driver to quickly and confidently take turns. At the same time 4x4 transmission needs in the introduction to the design of some sites that make the machine more noisy, heavy and vibronagruzhennoy. The increasing complexity of design multiplies the production costs, which naturally affects the value of all-wheel drive car. In its turn, will require costly repairs and maintenance of such a vehicle in operation. Also, other conditions being equal 4x4 vehicle will consume more fuel, unlike their counterparts with a drive to one axle, - affected by mechanical losses in some units of transmission and increases the total weight of the machine.

The transmission scheme of the car

Transmission need to transfer torque from the engine crankshaft to the drive wheels, as well as to change the direction of torque and its magnitude. In his article "The transmission scheme of the car, we'll tell myself, what is in transmission cars, we explain the basic principles of caring for her. When moving the machine crank the engine develops up to 6000-7000 rpm, and while the driving wheels rotate at a speed of not more than 1400 rpm. From this it follows that, even under favorable conditions of the road wheels rotate the car more than twice slower than the crankshaft. And when the road conditions are poor, when they increased resistance to movement of the car and have to move with a little speed this relationship will be even greater. When operating the machine there is a need to change not only the quantity supplied to the wheels of time and speed of its movement, but also to maneuver to reverse or stop. Implementation of these actions is unrealistic due to the fact that develops motor torque is applied to the lead axes of wheels through the mechanisms that make up the transmission cars. There are three basic layout of the transmission of any vehicle: four-wheel drive, front-and classical (or RWD). Transmission RWD car consists of parts such as: half. differential, final drive, propshaft, gearbox, clutch. In front-wheel drive car all the transmission components are located under the hood of the car and into one big knot aggregates. Transmission consists of a main transmission and differential.

Types of all-wheel drive jeep

Based on practice, four-wheel drive is not always much of a complete one. It depends on the mode of operation, road conditions and design features of transmission. Embarked on the path of a car-wheel drive vehicles, the company initially operated with an eye on the monetary value of innovations, and then began to work in these areas. As a result of innovations a number of new transmission schemes for all-wheel drive cars - 4Motion, 4Matic, Syncro, Quattro, etc. In this article I would like to talk about the types of all-wheel drive jeep. Transmissions can be grouped into three broad groups based on the principle of action: a system in which the four-wheel drive is included in the manual mode, the system in which the four-wheel drive automatically, permanent four-wheel drive. Incidentally, the abbreviation of 4WD and AWD incorporated information about which of the groups include four-wheel drive cars. AWD denotes automatically or full constant drive, and abbreviation 4WD - it's all wheel drive, off and on manually, ie, owner of the car. Briefly consider the characteristics of each of these schemes. Four-wheel drive, which runs continuously. In this form of transmission of torque from the motor is transmitted to all wheels. However, in the process of its creation there was one problem that did not allow engineers to take a technical solution to the simple all-terrain vehicles. The fact that many "SUVs" between the front and rear drive axles - tough, in the sense of no differential.

Automotive differential device in the car

The penalty for hiding from the accident scene

Away with a road accident in common parlance is called a driver leaving the scene after a traffic violation, to which he came. This violation is such a deprivation of the right which entails driving. Now we'll see what can be imposed upon you the penalty for hiding from the accident scene. By law, the driver can draw for neglect of duty, provided the SDA in relation to the accident, and this implies the imposition of an administrative fine of 1,000 rubles. The second part of the law on "punishment for hiding from the accident scene" implies responsibility for car owners to hide from the accident scene and may result in disqualification from driving for a period of one to one and a half years, in some cases may be subject to administrative detention established by law (usually fifteen days). Let's see that in general such an accident. Many people think that under the accident is understood the incident, which participates in several persons, among whom there are cars or people, but it is quite true. For example, drivers of vehicles insured under the hull, is well aware that the fact of an accident they would have to issue in any case - for example, if you touched a pillar or tree, it will still be calculated as an accident. In the "General Provisions" SDA stated that an accident is an event that occurred during the movement of road section of the vehicle or with his participation, at which have been injured or killed people, damaged buildings, vehicles, cargo, or was the fact of causing a material damage.

Functions, tasks, rights and duties of the inspector DPS in Russia

"The machine went inspector, he introduced himself vaguely, not really name the stop and demanded to show him the documents" that's precisely the phrase that we often use in their complaints against illegal actions of traffic police officers. Do the inspectors, as well as each of us drivers have not only rights but also responsibilities. In this article, we will acquaint you c functions, tasks, rights and duties of inspectors DPS in Russia. In other words, what they can do and what is forbidden. Let's begin. If communicating with your inspector behaves disrespectfully and rudely, then these actions, he violated Order of the Russian Federation Ministry of Internal Affairs from 20.04.1999 № 297 "On approval of instruction on the operation and the work of traffic police patrols and road safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia." And if you specifically what item 18.1: relationships with traffic police road user (driver) should be based on strict observance of the law, a combination of hardness, precise execution of their duties, integrity and decisiveness in the prevention and suppression of violations with an attentive, respectful and friendly attitude to citizens. In connection with the requirements of statutory inspector of traffic police officers must report the number badge and show, not letting go of hands his business card party traffic. When testing, with those obtained from the driver's documents must be handled carefully, not to do them any marks.

How to behave properly when parsing crash

In the article "How to behave properly when parsing an accident," we'll show you how to behave properly and that it should be done. You are involved in an accident, is the reality of Transportation and each driver has a chance to become a party to the accident. There is a chance even to those who behave in an exemplary way and to observe all traffic regulations. What should I do? In general it looks like this: 1. First of all, you need to stop. 2. If you are injured, provide first aid and call an ambulance. 3. On the accident report to traffic police. 4. Need to record data eyewitnesses. 5. Wait for the police. You need to share data about insurance, call insurers, so they can attend when you commit a traffic accident. If there are no victims, and participants agreed, needed without having to call traffic police officers, to chart the incident. All the circumstances must be carefully recorded, the document must be signed. Then for the design scene, all participants are sent to the nearest accident the traffic police office or the nearest police station. This must be done in order to be able to contact the insurance office for redress. We must remember that your best interests except you, no one would assert. You need to take an active part in all that happens, of course, if you do not want to stay by the injured party. Consider carefully the order of actions of participants Accident 1. To stop. Do not attempt to leave the scene, thus you hurt yourself, immediately turn into a perpetrator of what happened.